🧬 Degenerative Myelopathy in German Shepherds: Symptoms, Testing & What Owners Should Know
If you love German Shepherds as much as I do, you want them to enjoy as many happy, healthy years with their families as possible.
One health condition I believe every German Shepherd owner should understand is Degenerative Myelopathy (DM).
DM is a serious disease that affects the spinal cord. It can gradually make it difficult for a dog to walk, especially as the dog gets older.
But here’s something important I want you to know right from the beginning:
Not every German Shepherd will develop DM, and not every dog showing weakness in its back legs has this disease.
My name is Samone Puffenbarger, and I’m the breeder behind Purple Pups GSD in Woodbridge, Virginia.
I’ve been fortunate to share my life with German Shepherds who have reached their senior years. One of my Shepherds lived to be 13, and I currently have another who is 12 years old.
I have not personally experienced DM in my dogs. However, I believe learning about conditions like this is part of being a responsible breeder and a caring dog owner.
My goal with this page is simple: to help you understand what DM is, recognize possible warning signs, learn what genetic testing can tell us, and know when to seek veterinary care.
Because the more we understand about our dogs, the better we can care for them. 💜
🐾 What Is Degenerative Myelopathy in German Shepherds?
Degenerative Myelopathy, commonly called DM, is a progressive disease of the spinal cord.
Let’s break that down into everyday language.
The spinal cord carries messages between your dog’s brain and body. These messages help your dog move its legs, maintain balance, and coordinate movement.
With DM, parts of the spinal cord gradually become damaged. As that damage progresses, the messages traveling between the brain and legs become less effective.
This usually begins with weakness or poor coordination in the back legs.
Over time, a dog may have more difficulty standing, walking, or supporting its own weight.
DM is sometimes compared to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also called Lou Gehrig’s disease, in humans. There are similarities, but they are not exactly the same disease.
Unfortunately, there is currently no cure for canine Degenerative Myelopathy.
However, understanding the condition can help owners recognize changes, seek proper veterinary care, and make thoughtful decisions about their dog’s comfort and quality of life.
For more detailed veterinary information, I recommend the Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine’s resource on Degenerative Myelopathy.
🔍 Early Signs and Symptoms of DM in German Shepherds
One reason Degenerative Myelopathy can be so concerning is that its early symptoms may be subtle.
You might notice something small and assume your dog is simply getting older.
Maybe your German Shepherd seems a little clumsy on walks. Maybe one back paw occasionally drags across the ground.
These changes don’t automatically mean your dog has DM, but they deserve attention.
🐕 Common Early Symptoms of DM
Some signs to watch for include:
🐾 Dragging the back paws: You may hear your dog’s toenails scraping against the pavement.
🐾 Worn back toenails: Repeated dragging can cause unusual wear on the rear nails.
🐾 Knuckling: A back paw may turn under so the dog briefly steps on the top of its foot.
🐾 Wobbly walking: Your dog’s back end may sway or appear unsteady.
🐾 Crossing the back legs: The rear legs may occasionally cross while walking.
🐾 Difficulty getting up: Standing after resting may become harder.
🐾 Reduced coordination: Your dog may stumble or struggle with movements that were once easy.
These signs often develop gradually, although the rate of change can vary.
❤️ What Happens as DM Progresses?
As the disease advances, weakness in the back legs generally becomes more severe.
A dog may eventually need help standing or walking.
In advanced cases, the disease can affect the front legs and other body functions.
This progression can be heartbreaking for families, which is why early veterinary evaluation and supportive care matter.
An important reminder: Sudden weakness, paralysis, severe pain, or a rapid change in walking ability should receive prompt veterinary attention. Those signs can indicate other serious conditions that may need urgent treatment.
🩺 Why Is Degenerative Myelopathy So Difficult to Diagnose?
This is one of the most important things I want German Shepherd owners to understand.
There is no simple test that can confirm clinical DM in a living dog with complete certainty.
A DNA test can identify an important genetic risk factor, but it cannot tell you whether your dog currently has the disease.
Veterinarians usually approach DM as a diagnosis of exclusion.
That means they look for other possible explanations for the symptoms before concluding that DM is the likely cause.
🔍 Conditions That Can Look Like DM
Several health problems can cause similar symptoms, including:
*Hip dysplasia and arthritis
*Intervertebral disc disease
*Lumbosacral spinal problems
*Spinal cord injuries
*Spinal tumors
*Other neurological conditions
Some of these conditions can be treated or managed differently from DM.
That is why I would never encourage someone to assume that an older German Shepherd dragging its feet automatically has Degenerative Myelopathy.
🧠 How Veterinarians Evaluate a Dog for DM
Depending on your dog’s symptoms, your veterinarian may recommend:
*A complete physical and neurological examination.
*A review of when symptoms began and how they have changed.
*Blood work or other laboratory tests.
*X-rays or advanced imaging, such as an MRI.
*Genetic testing for DM-associated variants.
*Referral to a veterinary neurologist.
The goal is to rule out other causes of spinal cord problems, especially those that may be treatable.
A definitive diagnosis of DM generally requires examining spinal cord tissue under a microscope after death.
I know that sounds discouraging, but it is also a reason not to jump to conclusions.
If your German Shepherd begins showing weakness in the back legs, please have your veterinarian investigate rather than assuming it is DM or simply old age.
🧬 What Causes Degenerative Myelopathy in German Shepherds?
Researchers have identified a connection between Degenerative Myelopathy and certain changes in a gene called SOD1.
You may see these changes called genetic variants or mutations.
The SOD1 gene normally helps the body protect cells from certain types of damage.
A particular SOD1 variant is associated with an increased risk of DM in German Shepherds and several other dog breeds.
However, the genetics of DM are not as simple as saying that every dog with the variant will become sick.
Some dogs with two copies of the risk variant never develop symptoms.
Researchers also continue to investigate other genetic and biological factors that may influence whether DM develops.
This is why I believe genetic testing is valuable, but it must be understood correctly.
It helps us make informed decisions. It does not give us a crystal ball into a dog’s future.
🧪 Understanding DM Genetic Testing: Clear, Carrier & At-Risk
When a German Shepherd is DNA tested for the commonly recognized DM-associated SOD1 variant, the results are generally described as clear, carrier, or at-risk.
Here’s what those results mean.
💚 DM Clear (N/N) – No Copies of the Tested Risk Variant
A dog with an N/N result has two normal copies at the tested genetic location.
This means the dog does not carry that particular DM-associated variant.
A clear dog also cannot pass that tested variant to its puppies.
That is wonderful information to have when making breeding decisions.
However, a clear result is not a guarantee that a dog will never develop neurological problems or another condition affecting the spinal cord.
💛 DM Carrier (N/A) – One Copy of the Risk Variant
A carrier has one normal copy and one copy of the DM-associated variant.
Carriers are generally at much lower risk of developing DM than dogs with two copies of the variant, although the risk is not considered absolutely zero.
A carrier can pass the variant to its puppies.
It’s important to understand that being a carrier does not mean a dog has Degenerative Myelopathy.
In fact, responsible breeding programs may use carefully selected carriers with clear partners to preserve other valuable qualities while avoiding puppies with two copies of the tested variant.
❤️ DM At-Risk (A/A) – Two Copies of the Risk Variant
An at-risk dog has inherited two copies of the tested DM-associated variant.
This result is associated with a higher risk of developing Degenerative Myelopathy.
But here’s an important distinction:
At-risk does not mean diagnosed.
Some dogs with two copies never develop clinical DM during their lifetime.
A DNA test identifies genetic risk. A clinical diagnosis requires veterinary evaluation.
For additional information about DM testing and breeding considerations, visit the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA).
🐾 Can German Shepherd Puppies Inherit DM?
Puppies inherit genetic information from both parents.
For the commonly tested SOD1 variant, each parent passes one copy of the gene to each puppy.
This means the parents’ genetic results help predict which combinations their puppies may inherit.
For example:
*Clear × Clear: All puppies are expected to be clear for the tested variant.
*Clear × Carrier: On average, half the puppies are expected to be clear and half carriers. None are expected to have two copies.
*Carrier × Carrier: On average, 25% are expected to be clear, 50% carriers, and 25% at-risk.
*Clear × At-Risk: All puppies are expected to be carriers.
These percentages describe the expected genetic probabilities for each puppy, not a guaranteed number in any individual litter.
This is one reason I believe DNA testing before breeding is so helpful.
It allows breeders to understand known genetic risks and make more informed choices about which dogs to pair.
It is also important to consider the whole dog, including temperament, structure, family history, and other health concerns.
DM is only one part of responsible genetic health planning.
❤️ Is Degenerative Myelopathy Painful for German Shepherds?
This is a question many dog owners understandably worry about.
DM itself is generally considered a non-painful neurological disease.
The disease affects a dog’s ability to coordinate movement and use its legs rather than directly causing the kind of pain associated with an injury.
However, that does not mean a dog with DM cannot experience discomfort.
A German Shepherd may also have arthritis, hip problems, skin injuries from dragging its paws, or other painful conditions.
Dogs with limited mobility can also become frustrated or distressed.
If your dog appears painful, cries out, or suddenly refuses to move, please don’t assume that DM explains everything.
A veterinarian should look for other possible causes.
Our dogs depend on us to notice when something is wrong, even when they cannot tell us exactly what they are feeling.
🐕 Can Degenerative Myelopathy Be Treated or Managed?
At this time, there is no proven cure for Degenerative Myelopathy.
There is also no medication that has been reliably shown to stop the disease.
But that doesn’t mean there is nothing owners can do.
Supportive care may help a dog remain comfortable, active, and engaged for as long as possible.
🌿 Physical Therapy and Gentle Exercise
Veterinary rehabilitation may help maintain strength, mobility, and comfort.
Depending on the dog’s condition, a rehabilitation professional may recommend controlled walking, assisted exercises, or water-based therapy.
Exercise should be adapted to the dog’s abilities.
Pushing an already weak dog too hard can lead to falls, exhaustion, or injury.
🐾 Mobility Support
As walking becomes more difficult, some dogs benefit from supportive equipment.
Options may include:
*Rear-support harnesses
*Non-slip flooring and rugs
*Ramps for safer access
*Supportive bedding
*Properly fitted canine mobility carts
Not every option is appropriate for every dog, so it’s best to work with your veterinarian or a qualified rehabilitation professional.
❤️ Keeping Your Dog Comfortable
Simple changes at home can make daily life easier.
Keeping your dog at a healthy weight, preventing slips, checking paws for injuries, and providing help when standing can all support comfort and safety.
For me, the most important question is always:
What can we do today to help this dog enjoy life?
⏳ What Is the Life Expectancy of a German Shepherd With DM?
This is one of the hardest questions because there is no single answer for every dog.
Degenerative Myelopathy is a progressive disease, meaning symptoms usually become worse over time.
Many affected dogs lose the ability to walk independently within approximately six months to a year after noticeable neurological signs begin. Some progress more slowly or more quickly.
A dog’s overall health, other medical conditions, supportive care, and individual progression all influence what happens next.
Some families use mobility aids and rehabilitation to help their dogs remain active longer.
Others eventually face difficult quality-of-life decisions.
If your German Shepherd has suspected or confirmed DM, I encourage you to work closely with your veterinarian to monitor mobility, comfort, hygiene, appetite, interest in family activities, and overall happiness.
No two dogs have exactly the same journey.
And no family should have to make those decisions without compassionate veterinary guidance.
💜 My Approach to Genetic Health at Purple Pups GSD
As a German Shepherd breeder, I believe that learning about genetics and making thoughtful breeding decisions is one of the most important responsibilities I have.
Both of my breeding girls have been DNA tested through Embark, and both are DM clear (N/N) for the tested variant.
When choosing my breeding dogs, I prefer dogs that do not carry this variant. It’s one of the ways I work to reduce known genetic risks in the puppies I bring into the world.
But I also believe there’s always more to learn.
Science continues to advance, and our understanding of canine health and genetics grows along with it.
I never want to become so set in my thinking that I’m unwilling to consider new information.
I also understand that genetic health is much bigger than one DNA test.
A dog’s overall health, temperament, structure, and family history all deserve careful consideration.
I cannot promise that any dog will live a lifetime without health problems. No responsible breeder can.
What I can do is use the information available to me, make thoughtful decisions, and remain open to learning.
“The more I learn, the better decisions I can make for my dogs and the families who love them.”
— Samone Puffenbarger, Purple Pups GSD
That belief is at the heart of my breeding program. 💜
If you’d like to learn more about how I approach health, temperament, and responsible breeding, please visit my Breeding Philosophy page.
❓ Frequently Asked Questions About DM in German Shepherds
At what age do German Shepherds develop Degenerative Myelopathy?
DM is most often seen in middle-aged to older dogs, frequently around eight years of age or later. However, symptoms can begin earlier or later.
Age alone cannot confirm or rule out the disease.
❓❓❓
What are the first signs of DM in a German Shepherd?
Early signs may include dragging the back feet, worn rear toenails, stumbling, knuckling, or weakness in the hind legs.
These symptoms can also have other causes, so veterinary evaluation is important.
❓❓❓
Can a German Shepherd be DM clear and still develop neurological problems?
Yes. A clear genetic result means the dog does not carry the particular DM-associated variant tested. It does not rule out every neurological or spinal condition, and current genetic testing does not explain every possible case of DM.
❓❓❓
Does a DM carrier have the disease?
No. A carrier result means a dog has one copy of the tested genetic variant. It does not mean the dog has been diagnosed with DM.
Most carriers are at much lower risk than dogs with two copies, although the risk is not considered zero.
❓❓❓
Does an at-risk DM result mean my dog will definitely become sick?
No. Dogs with two copies of the tested variant have an increased risk, but not all develop clinical Degenerative Myelopathy.
❓❓❓
Can DM be mistaken for hip dysplasia?
Yes. Both conditions can affect mobility in the back legs.
Arthritis, spinal disease, and other neurological problems can also cause similar symptoms. A veterinarian can help identify the likely cause.
❓❓❓
Can a dog recover from Degenerative Myelopathy?
Unfortunately, there is currently no known cure that reverses DM. Supportive care and rehabilitation may help maintain comfort and mobility, but they do not eliminate the underlying disease.
❓❓❓
Should all German Shepherd breeding dogs be tested for DM?
I believe knowing a breeding dog’s DM genetic status is a valuable part of responsible breeding.
Testing helps breeders understand inherited risk and make more informed decisions.
However, DM testing should be considered alongside other recommended health evaluations, not as a replacement for them.
❓❓❓
Is DM the same as hip dysplasia?
No. DM is a neurological disease involving the spinal cord.
Hip dysplasia is a developmental condition affecting the hip joints.
They are different conditions, although both can cause difficulty walking.
📚 Trusted Resources for Learning More About Degenerative Myelopathy
I believe good information should lead us to ask better questions, not simply accept everything we read.
If you’d like to learn more about DM in German Shepherds, these are helpful places to start:
🧬 Orthopedic Foundation for Animals – Degenerative Myelopathy – Information about genetic testing, results, and breeding considerations.
🩺 Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine – Degenerative Myelopathy – Veterinary information about DM, diagnosis, genetics, and care.
🔬 University of Missouri – Canine Genetics Research – Information about inherited canine diseases, including DM.
These resources are educational and should not replace advice from your own veterinarian.
💜 Final Thoughts: Knowledge Helps Us Care for Our German Shepherds
Degenerative Myelopathy can be a frightening subject, especially when you love a breed as deeply as I love German Shepherds.
But I don’t believe we should avoid learning about difficult health conditions just because they are upsetting.
The more we understand, the better prepared we are to recognize changes, ask questions, and make informed decisions.
Whether you’re researching German Shepherd puppies, caring for a young adult dog, or sharing your life with a beloved senior Shepherd, I hope this information helps you feel a little more informed.
And if you ever notice your dog developing weakness, stumbling, or dragging its back feet, please seek veterinary guidance.
Don’t assume it’s simply old age, and don’t assume it’s automatically DM.
Every dog deserves to have its symptoms taken seriously.
At Purple Pups GSD, I’ll continue learning, asking questions, and using the knowledge available to me to make thoughtful decisions for my dogs and the families who love them.
Because to me, responsible breeding and responsible dog ownership are lifelong commitments.
With love for the breed,
Samone Puffenbarger
Purple Pups GSD 💜🐾
🐾 Learn More About Purple Pups GSD
If you’re researching German Shepherds and want to learn more about how I approach breeding, genetic health, and raising puppies, I’d love for you to explore my website.
💜 Learn About My Breeding Philosophy
🐾 MDR1 in German Shepherds: What every Owner Should Know
My goal is to help families make informed decisions and understand the care and thought behind my breeding program.
Educational note: This article is intended to provide general information about Degenerative Myelopathy. It is not a veterinary diagnosis or a substitute for professional veterinary advice. If your dog is experiencing weakness, mobility changes, or other concerning symptoms, please consult your veterinarian.
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